3 INDIA-III
Nick Names of Important Indian Places
| SNo | Nick name | Place |
| 1 | Golden City | Amritsar |
| 2 | Manchester of India | Ahmedabad |
| 3 | City of Seven islands | Mumbai |
| 4 | Queen of Arabian Sea | Cochin |
| 5 | Space City | Bangalore |
| 6 | Garden City of India | Bangalore |
| 7 | Silicon Valley of India | Bangalore |
| 8 | Electronic city of India | Bangalore |
| 9 | Pink city | Jaipur |
| 10 | Gateway of India | Mumbai |
| 11 | Twin city | Hyderabad - Sikandarabad |
| 12 | City of festivals | Madurai |
| 13 | Deccan Queen | Pune |
| 14 | City of Buildings | Kolkata |
| 15 | Dakshin Ganga | Godavari |
| 16 | Old Ganga | Godavari |
| 17 | Egg bowls of Asia | Andhra Pradesh |
| 18 | Soya region | Madhya Pradesh |
| 19 | Manchester of the South | Coimbatore |
| 20 | City of Nawabs | Lucknow |
| 21 | Venice of the east | Cochin |
| 22 | Sorrow of Bengal | Damodar river |
| 23 | Sorrow of Bihar | Kosi river |
| 24 | Blue Mountains | Nilgiri |
| 25 | Queen of the Mountains | Mussoorie (Uttaranchal) |
| 26 | Sacred river | Ganga |
| 27 | Hollywood of India | Mumbai |
| 28 | City of Castles | Kolkata |
| 29 | State of five rivers | Punjab |
| 30 | City of weavers | Panipat |
| 31 | City of lakes | Srinagar |
| 32 | Steel city of India | Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar) |
| 33 | City of temples | Varanasi |
| 34 | Manchester of the north | Kanpur |
| 35 | City of Rallies | New Delhi |
| 36 | Heaven of India | Jammu & Kashmir |
| 37 | Boston of India | Ahmedabad |
| 38 | Garden of spices of India | Kerala |
| 39 | Switzerland of India | Kashmir |
| 40 | Abode of the God | Prayag (Allahabad) |
| 41 | Pittsburg of India | Jamshedpur |
Recipients of Bharat Ratna
| Name | Awarded in |
| Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888 - 1975) | 1954 |
| Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (1878 - 1972) | 1954 |
| Dr.Chandrasekhar Venkatraman (1888 - 1970) | 1954 |
| Dr.Bhagwan Das (1869 - 1958) | 1955 |
| Dr.Mokshagundam Viswesvaraya (1861 - 1962) | 1955 |
| Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 - 1964) | 1955 |
| Govind Vallabh Pant (1887 - 1961) | 1957 |
| Dr.Dhondo Keshav Karve (1858 - 1962) | 1958 |
| Dr.Bidhan Chandra Roy (1882 - 1962) | 1961 |
| Purushotham Das Tandon (1882 - 1962) | 1961 |
| Dr.Rajendra Prasad (1884 - 1963) | 1962 |
| Dr.Zakir Hussian (1897 - 1969) | 1963 |
| Dr.Pandurang Vamman Kane (1880 - 1972) | 1963 |
| Dr.Lal Bahadur Shastri (Posthumous) (1904 - 1966) | 1966 |
| Indira Gandhi (1917 - 1984) | 1971 |
| Varaha Giri Venkata Giri (1884 - 1980) | 1975 |
| Kumaraswami Kamaraj (Posthumous) (1903 - 1975) | 1976 |
| Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (Mother Teresa) (1910-1997) | 1980 |
| Acharya Vinoba Bhave (Posthumous) (1895-1982) | 1983 |
| Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890 - 1988) | 1987 |
| M.G.Ramachandra (Posthumous) (1917 - 1987) | 1988 |
| Dr.B.R.Ambedkar (Posthumous) (1891 - 1956) | 1990 |
| Dr.Nelson Mandela (1918) | 1990 |
| Morarji Desai (1896 - 1995) | 1991 |
| Rajiv Gandhi (Posthumous) (1944 - 1991) | 1991 |
| Sardar Vallab Bhai Patel (Posthumous) (1875 - 1950) | 1991 |
| J.R.D. Tata (1904 - 1993) | 1992 |
| Satyajit Ray (1922 - 1992) | 1992 |
| Moulana Abul Kalam Azad (Posthumous) (1888 - 1958) | 1992 |
| Aruna Asaf All (Posthumus) (1909 - 1996) | 1997 |
| Gulzarilal Nanda (Posthumous) (1898 - 1997) | 1997 |
| A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931) | 1997 |
| M.S.Subbulakshmi (1916 - 2004) | 1998 |
| C.Subramaniam (1910 - 2000) | 1998 |
| Jayaprakash Narayan (Posthumous) (1902 - 1979) | 1999 |
| Dr.Amartiya Sen (1933) | 1999 |
| Pandit Ravi Shankar (1920) | 1999 |
| Gopinath Bordoloi (Posthumous) (1890 - 1950) | 1999 |
| Latha Mangeshkar | 2001 |
| Bismilla Khan | 2001 |
Important Sites in India ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Sno | Place | City/State |
| 1 | Ajanta | Aurangabad |
| 2 | Akbar's Tomb | Sikandara |
| 3 | Ambernath Cave | Kashmir |
| 4 | Amber Palace | Jaipur |
| 5 | Anand Bhavan | Allahabad |
| 6 | Bhakra Dam | Punjab |
| 7 | Birla Planetarium | Kolkata |
| 8 | Black Pagoda | Konark (Orissa) |
| 9 | Bodhisattva | Ajanta Caves |
| 10 | Brihadeeswara Temple | Tanjore |
| 11 | Brindavan Gardens | Mysore (Karnataka) |
| 12 | Buland Darwaza | Fatepur Sikri |
| 13 | Charminar | Hyderabad |
| 14 | Chenna Kesava Temple | Belur |
| 15 | Chilka Lame | Near Bhubaneswar |
| 16 | Dal Lake | Srinagar |
| 17 | Dilwara Temples | Mt. Abu |
| 18 | Elephanta Caves | Mumbai |
| 19 | Golden Temple | Amirtsar |
| 20 | Gol Gumbaz | Bijapur |
| 21 | Hanging Gardens | Mumbai |
| 22 | Hawa Mahal (Palace of Winds) | Jaipur |
| 23 | Howrah Bridge | Kolkata |
| 24 | Island Palace | Udaipur |
| 25 | Itmad-ud-Daulah's Tomb | Agra |
| 26 | Jagannath Temple | Puri |
| 27 | Jama Masjid | Delhi |
| 28 | Jantar Mantar | Delhi |
| 29 | Jog (Geresoppa) Falls | Mysore |
| 30 | Kailasanath Temples | Ellora |
| 31 | Kanyakumari Temples | Cape Comorin |
| 32 | Khajuraho | Bhopal |
| 33 | Konark | Puri |
| 34 | Lal Bagh Gardens | Bangalore |
| 35 | Mahakaleeswar Temple | Ujjain |
| 36 | Mahesuramurthi (Trimurti) | Elephanta Caves |
| 37 | Malabar Hills | Mumbai |
| 38 | Manmandir Palace | Gwalior Fort |
| 39 | Marble Rocks | Jabalpur |
| 40 | Marina Beach | Chennai |
| 41 | Meenakshi Temple | Madurai |
| 42 | Padmanabha Temple | Trivandrum |
| 43 | Panch Mahal | Fatepur Sikri |
| 44 | Tower of Fame | Chittorgarh |
First in India Men
| Field | Person |
| First Indian to swim across the English Channel | Mihir Sen |
| First to Climb Mount Everest | Tenzing Norgay |
| First to climb Mount Everest without Oxygen | Phy Dorjee |
| First Indian to join I.C.S. (I.C.S. now IAS) | Satyendra Nath Tagore |
| First Indian to get Nobel Prize | Rabindra Nath Tagore |
| First Indian in Space (first Indian cosmonaut) | Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma |
| First British Governor General | Warren Hastings |
| First Governor General of Free India | Lord Mountbatten |
| First and the last Governor General of free India | C. Rajagopalachari |
| First President of India | Dr. Rajendra Prasad |
| First Vice-President of India | Dr. S. Radhakrishnan |
| First Muslim President of India | Dr. Zakir Hussain |
| First Sikh President of India | Giani Zail Singh |
| First Prime Minister | Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru |
| First Speaker of Lok Sabha | G.V. Mavlankar |
| First Chief Justice of India | Justice H.L. Kania |
| First President of Indian National Congress | W.C. Bannerjee |
| First Indian to become member of Viceroy's Executive Council | Lord S.P. Sinha |
| First Indian to become President of International Court of Justice | Dr. Nagendra Singh |
| First Emperor of Moghul Dynasty | Babar |
| First Field Marshal | S.H.F.J. Manekshaw |
| First Indian Commander-in-Chief of India | Gen. K.M. Cariappa |
| First Chief of the Army Staff (Indian) | Sinhji |
| First Chief of the Naval Staff (Indian) | Vice Admiral R.D. Katari |
| First Chief of the Air Force Staff (India) | Subroto Mukherjee |
| First Indian in British Parliament | Dada Bhai Nauroji |
| First Indian recipient of Victoria Cross (highest award before independence) | Khudada Khan |
| First Indian to circumnavigate the globe | Lt. Col K.S. Rao |
| First Indian to reach the South Pole | Col J.K. Bajaj (1989) |
| First Indian to make a solo air flight | JRD Tata |
| First Indian to visit England | Raja Rammohan Roy (1832) |
| First Indian Member of House of Lords (British) | Lord S.P. Sinha |
| First Bar-at-Law | J.M. Tagore |
| First Chairman of Rajya Sabha | Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (1952 -62) |
| First Indian Test Cricketer | K.S. Ranjitsingh |
| First Air Marshall | Arjan Singh |
| First Judge to face impeachment in the Lock Sabha | Justice V.Ramaswami (1993) |
| Fastest Shorthand writer | Dr. G.D. Bhist (250 wpm) |
First in India Women
Field
First Prime Minister
First Chief Minister of State
First Minister
First Central Minister
First Speaker of Lok Sabha
First Governor of a State
First President of Indian National Congress
First Indian President of Indian National Congress
First President of UN General Assembly
First Muslim to sit on the throne of Delhi
First to swim across the English Channel
First to climb Mount Everest
First to circumnavigate (sail round the world)
First IAS Officer
First IPS Officer
First Advocate
First Judge of a High Court
First Judge of Supreme Court
First Chief Justice of a High Court
First Doctor
First editor of English newspaper
First Chief Engineer
First to receive a Sena Medal
Youngest to Climb Mount Everest
First to climb Mount Everest two times
First Magistrate
Person
Mrs. Indira Gandhi
Mrs. Sucheta Kripalani
Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
Mrs. Shanno Devi
Mrs. Sarojini Naidu
Dr. Annie Besant
Mrs.. Sarojini Naidu
Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Razia Sultan
Mrs. Arti Shah
Bachhendri Pal
Ujwala Rai
Anna George Malhotra
Kiran Bedi
Cornelia Sorabji
Anna Chandi
Ms M. Fathima Beevi
Ms. Leila Seth
Kadambini Ganguli
Dina Vakil
Mrs. P.K. Thresia
Constable Bimla Devi (88 BN of CRPF) -1990
Dicky Doima (19) from Manali - 1993
Santosh Yadav (ITBF Officer) - 1993
Mrs. Omana Kunjamma
| First to win Nobel Prize | Mother Theresa |
| First to be crowned Miss India | Reita Fariq |
| First to be crowned Miss Universe | Sushmita Sen |
| First to be crowned Miss World | Reita Faria |
| First DGP | Kanchan Chowdhry Bhattacharya |
Persons & Places --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Bardoli | Sardar Patel |
| Belur | Ramakrishna Paramahamsa |
| Brindaban (U.P.) | Lord Krishna |
| Chittor, Haldighat | Rana Pratap |
| Corsica, Elba, Wateriloo | Napoleon |
| Fathepur Sikri | Akbar the Great |
| Jerusalem | Jesus Christ |
| Kapilavastu, Lumbini | Buddha |
| Kanchipuram | C.N.Annadurai |
| Macedonia | Alexander, the Great |
| Maniyachi | Vanchinathan |
| Mecca | Mohammed the Prophet |
| Paunar | Acharya Vinoba Bhave |
| Pondicherry | Aurobindo Ghosh |
| Porbandar, Rajghat, Sabarmathi | Mahatma Gandhi |
| Srirangapattinam | Tipu Sultan |
| Sriperumpudur | Rajiv Gandhi |
| Shakti Sthal | Indira Gandhi |
| Shanti Van | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| Trafalgar | Nelson |
| Tuticorin | V.O.Chidambaram Pillai |
| Ujjain | Mahavira |
| Vedaranyam | C.Rajagopalachari |
| Vijay Ghat | Lal Bahadur Shastri |
4
INDIAN-HISTROY
Buddhism The Buddha:
· The Buddha also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagata.
· Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in Nepal.
· His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler.
· His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up by stepmother Gautami.
· Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son named Rahula.
· After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a wanderer.
· Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.
· Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.
· Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first sermon is called ‘Dharmachakrapracartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’.
· Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district
of UP) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.
Buddhist Councils:
· First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (king was Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas-Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka.
· Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was Kalasoka).Followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahasanghikas.
· Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka) In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.
· Fourth council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was Kanishka, Vice-Chairman was Ashwaghosha). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana and Hinayana sects.
Buddist Literature: In Pali language.
Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries.
Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons.
Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion
Newspaper Journals
| Newspaper/Journal | Founder/Editor |
| Bengal Gazette(1780) (India’s first newspaper) | J.K.Hikki |
| Kesari | B.G.Tilak |
Maharatta
B.G.Tilak
| Sudharak | G.K.Gokhale |
| Amrita Bazar Patrika | Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh |
| Vande Mataram | Aurobindo Ghosh |
| Native Opinion | V.N.Mandalik |
| Kavivachan Sudha | Bhartendu Harishchandra |
| Rast Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarati) | Dadabhai Naoroji |
| New India (Weekly) | Bipin Chandra Pal |
| Statesman | Robert Knight |
| Hindu | Vir Raghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar |
| Sandhya | B.B.Upadhyaya |
| Vichar Lahiri | Krishnashastri Chiplunkar |
| Hindu Patriot | Girish Chandra Ghosh (later Harish Chandra Mukherji) |
| Som Prakash | Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar |
| Yugantar | Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghosh |
| Bombay Chronicle | Firoze Shah Mehta |
| Hindustan | M.M.Malviya |
| Mooknayak | B.R.Ambedkar |
| Comrade | Mohammed Ali |
| Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq | Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan |
| Al-Hilal | Abdul Kalam Azad |
| Al-Balagh | Abdul Kalam Azad |
| Independent | Motilal Nehru |
| Punjabi | Lala Lajpat Rai |
| New India (Daily) | Annie Besant |
| Commonweal | Annie Besant |
| Pratap | Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi |
| Essays in Indian Economics | M.G.Ranade |
| Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) | Ram Mohan Roy |
| Mirat-ul-Akhbar | Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper) |
| Indian Mirror | Devendra Nath Tagore |
| Nav Jeevan | M.K.Gandhi |
| Young India | M.K.Gandhi |
| Harijan | M.K.Gandhi |
| Prabudha Bharat | Swami Vivekananda |
| Udbodhana | Swami Vivekananda |
| Indian Socialist | Shyamji Krishna Verma |
| Talwar (in Berlin) | Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya |
| Free Hindustan (in Vancouver) | Tarak Nath Das |
| Hindustan Times | K.M.Pannikar |
| Kranti | Mirajkar, Joglekar, Ghate |
Viceroys Of India Lord Canning (1856 – 1862):
· The last Governor General and the first Viceroy.
· Mutiny took place in his time.
· On Nov, 1858, the rule passed on to the crown.
· Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.
· The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1857.
· Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.
Lord Elgin (1862 – 1863) Lord Lawrence (1864 – 1869):
· Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.
· High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865.
· Expanded canal works and railways.
· Created the Indian Forest department.
Lord Mayo (1869 – 1872):
· Started the process of financial decentralization in India.
· Established the Rajkot college at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian princes.
· For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871.
· Organised the Statistical Survey of India.
· Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872.
Lord Northbrook (1872 – 1876):
Lord Lytton (1876 – 1880):
· Known as the Viceroy to reverse characters.
· Organised the Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877 to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of ‘Kaiser – I – Hind’.
· Arms Act(1878) made it mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms.
· Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878).
Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884):
· Liberal person, who sympathized with Indians.
· Repeated the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
· Passed the local self – government Act (1882)
· Took steps to improve primary & secondary education (on William Hunter Commission’s recommendations).
· The I Factory Act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting child labour.
· Passed the libert Bill (1883) which enabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals. But this was withdrawn later.
Lord Dufferin (1884 – 1888):
· Indian National Congress was formed during his tenure.
Lord Lansdowne (1888 – 1894):
· II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for women and children, although it failed to address concerns such as work hours for men.
· Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.
· Indian Council Act of 1892 was passed.
· Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and Afghanistan.
Lord Elgin II (1894 – 1899):
· Great famine of 1896 – 1897. Lyall Commission was appointed.
Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905):
· Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in which official control over the Universities was increased.
· Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces 1, Bengal (proper), 2.East Bengal & Assam.
· Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police administration of every province.
· The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 – 98 led him to create the North Western Frontier Province(NWFP).
· Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore India’s cultural heritage. Thus the Archaeological Survey of India was established.
· Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) and put India on a gold standard.
· Extended railways to a great extent.
Lord Minto (1905 – 1910):
· There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907) and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.
· The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley – Minto Reforms was passed.
Lord Hardinge (1910 – 1916):
· Held a durbar in dec, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V.
· Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).
· A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (Dec 23, 1912).
· Gandhiji came back to India from S.Africa (1915).
· Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.
Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921):
· August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people.
· The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague – Chelmsford reforms) was passed.
· Rowlatt Act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).
· Non – Cooperation Movement.
· An Indian Sir S.P.Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal.
· A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.
· Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.
Lord Reading (1921 – 1926):
· Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.
· Suppressed non-cooperation movement.
· Prince of Wales visited India in Nov.1921.
· Moplah rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala.
· Ahmedabad session of 1921.
· Formation of Swaraj Party.
· Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922.
· Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N.Roy.
· Kakory Train Robbery on Aug 9, 1925.
· Communal riots of 1923 – 25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.
· Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and a leader of the Arya Samajists, was murdered in communal orgy.
Lord Irwin (1926 – 1931):
· Simon Commission visited India in 1928.
· Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.
· Dandi March (Mar 12, 1930).
· Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).
· First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930.
· Gandhi – Irwin Pact (Mar 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobediance Movement was withdrawn.
· Martydorm of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike (1929).
Lord Willington (1931 – 1936):
· Second Round Table conference in London in 1931.
· On his return Gandhiji was again arrested and Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed in Jan 1932.
· Communal Awards (Aug 16, 1932) assigned seats to different religious communities. Gandhiji went on a epic fast in protest against this division.
· Third Round Table conference in 1932.
· Poona Pact was signed.
· Government of India Act (1935) was passed.
Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 1944):
· Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11 provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till Oct 1939, when they gave up offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim League observed the days as ‘Deliverance Say’ (22 December)
· Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter (issued jointly by the UK and US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have been forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to India.
· Outbreak of World War II in 1939.
· Cripps Mission in 1942.
· Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).
Lord Wavell (1944 – 1947):
· Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress and Muslim League; failed.
· Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).
· Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Govt. was appointed under Nehru.
· First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946.
Lord Mountbatten (Mar.1947 – Aug.1947):
· Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India.
· Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.
· Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which India became independent on August 15, 1947.
· Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last Indian Governor General of free India).
Constitutional Development Regulating Act, 1773:
· End of Dual govt.
· Governor of Bengal to be the Governor – General of British territories of India.
· Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta.
Pitts Act of 1784:
This Act gave the British Government a measure of control over the company’s affairs. In fact, the company became a subordinate department of the State.
Act of 1786:
· Governor General given the power to over-ride the Council and was made the Commander-in-chief also.
Charter Act of 1793:
· Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years.
· It laid the foundation of govt. by written laws, interpreted by courts.
Charter Act of 1813:
· Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.
Charter Act of 1833:
· End of Company’s monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to close its business at the earliest.
· Governor General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1st Governor General of India was Lord William Bentinck).
Charter Act of 1853:
· The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territories in trust of the British crown.
· Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competition examination (excluding Indians).
Government of India Act, 1858:
· Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began.
· A post of Secretary of State (a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He was to exercise the powers of the Crown.
· Secretary of State governed India through the Governor General.
· Governor General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt.
Indian Council Act, 1861:
· The Executive Council was now to be called Central Legislative Council.
Indian Council Act, 1892:
· Indians found their way in the Provincial Legislative Councils.
Indian Council Act, 1909 or Morley-Minto Act: It envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
Government of India Act, 1919 Or Montague-Chelmsford Reforms:
· Dyarchy system introduced in the provinces. The Provincial subjects of administration were to be divided into 2 categories: Transferred and Reserved. The Transferred subjects were to be administrated by the Governor with the aid of ministers responsible to the Legislative Council. The Governor and the Executive Council were to administer the reserved subjects without any responsibility to the legislature.
· Indian legislature became bicameral for the first time, it actually happened after 1935 Act.
Government of India Act, 1935:
· Provided for the establishment of All-India Federation consisting of the British Provinces and the Princely States. The joining of Princely States was voluntary and as a result the federation did not come into existence.
· Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (Eg, Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence were reserved for the Governor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in provinces. They were granted separate legal identify.
· Burma (now Myanmar) separated from India.
Jainism
· Jainism founded by Rishabha.
· There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath (Emblem: Bull).
· The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of Banaras.
· The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was born in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.
· His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan.
· His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi Prince Chetak of Vaishali.
· Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.
· Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple.
· At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.
· In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).
· From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.
· At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.
· Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more, Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.
Governor Generals of India Lord William Bentinck (1828 – 1835):
· Carried out the social reforms like Prohibition of Sati (1829) and elimination of thugs (1830).
· Made English the Medium of higher education in the country (After the recommendations of Macaulay).
· Suppressed female infanticide and child sacrifice.
· Charter Act of 1833 was passed; made him the first Governor General of India. Before him, the designation was Governor General of Bengal.
Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 – 1836): Abolished all restrictions on vernacular press (called Liberator of the Press).
Lord Auckland (1836 – 1842): The most important event of his reign was the First Afghan War, which proved to be a disaster for the English.
Lord Ellenborough (1842 – 1844)
Lord Hardinge I (1844 – 1848)
Lord Dalhousie (1848 – 1856):
· Opened the first Indian Railway in 1853 (from Bombay to Thane).
· Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First was from Calcutta to Agra).
· Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).
· Established the postal system on the modern lines through the length and breadth of the country, which made communication easier.
· Started the Public Works Department. Many bridges were constructed and the work on Grand Trunk Road was started. The harbors of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were also developed.
· Made Shimla the summer capital.
· Started Engineering College at Roorkee.
· Encouraged science, forestry, commerce, mineralogy and industry.
· In 1854, “Wood’s Dispatch’ was passed, which provided for the properly articulated system of education from the primary school to the university.
· Due to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s efforts, remarriage of widows was legalized by Widow Remarriage Act, 1856).
Important National Activities The Indian National Congress:
· Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.
· First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).
· In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity.
· But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).
Partition of Bengal:
· By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
· The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
· A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.
Swadeshi Movement (1905):
· Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
· INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K.Gokhale.
· Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.
Formation of Muslim League (1906):
· Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
· It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.
Demand for Swaraj:
· In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people.
Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):
· The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.
Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909):
· Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
· Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government’s side.
Ghadar Party (1913):
· Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.
· HQ was at San Francisco.
Home Rule Movement (1916):
· Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
· Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire.
· Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it.
Lucknow Pact (1916):
· Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims.
· Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the country).
August Declaration (1917):
· After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. This came to be called the August Declaration.
Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919):
· This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
· Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):
· People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
· General O’ Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
· As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.
· Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this.
· Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
· On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.
Khilafat Movement (1920):
· Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.
· Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.
Non-cooperation Movement (1920):
· It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.
· Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.
Chauri –Chaura Incident (1922):
· A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922.
· This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.
Simon Commission (1927):
· Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
· Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
· The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.
Lahore Session (1929):
· On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
· On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.
Revolutionary Activities:
· The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
· In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
· In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).
· In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of “India Office” in London.
· In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
· In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
· They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway line on Aug. 9, 1925.
· Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
· Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.
· In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in jail.
· Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
· In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
Dandi March (1930):
· Also called the Salt Satyagraha.
· Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.
· He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930.
· He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.
First Round Table conference (1930):
· It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
· Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.
Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931):
· Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government.
· The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.
· In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second round table conference.
· The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to
make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.
Second Round Table Conference (1931):
· Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald.
· However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo – Indians.
The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932):
· Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.
· Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes.
· Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.
Poona Pact (September 25, 1932):
· After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place almost everywhere.
· Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became active.
· Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932).
· In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.
Third Round Table Conference (1932):
· Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Demand For Pakistan:
· In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation.
· Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
· Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
· Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.
The Cripps Mission – 1942:
· In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
· The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
· He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
· Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.
· Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.
The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement:
· Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.
· The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’.
· On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.
· The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country.
· The movement was however crushed.
· The Indian National Army:
Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
· S.C.Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him.
· The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E.Asia.
· Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).
· INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.
The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):
· The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V.Alexander) will visit India.
· The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.
· On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely States was suggested.
· Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.
Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946):
· Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General remained as its President.
Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):
· Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
· Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946.
· It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.
· Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.
Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946):
· The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as its president.
Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):
· On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India’s political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
· India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
· Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would be held.
· There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.
· The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain independent.
· Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
· The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.
Partition and Independence (Aug 1947):
· All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.
· At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.
· Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the French.
Venue, Year and Presidents of India National Congress (INC)
| Year | Venue | President |
| 1885, 1882 | Bombay, Allahabad | W.C.Bannerji |
| 1886 | Calcutta | Dadabhai Naoroji |
| 1893 | Lahore | " |
| 1906 | Calcutta | " |
| 1887 | Madras | Badruddin Tyyabji (fist Muslim President) |
| 1888 | Allahabad | George Yule (first English President) |
| 1889 | Bombay | Sir William Wedderburn |
| 1890 | Calcutta | Sir Feroze S.Mehta |
| 1895, 1902 | Poona, Ahmedabad | S.N.Banerjee |
| 1905 | Banaras | G.K.Gokhale |
| 1907, 1908 | Surat, Madras | Rasbehari Ghosh |
| 1909 | Lahore | M.M.Malviya |
| 1916 | Lucknow | A.C.Majumdar (Re-union of the Congress) |
| 1917 | Calcutta | Annie Besant (first woman President) |
| 1919 | Amritsar | Motilal Nehru |
| 1920 | Calcutta (sp.session) | Lala Lajpat Rai |
| 1921,1922 | Ahmedabad, Gaya | C.R.Das |
| 1923 | Delhi (sp.session) | Abdul Kalam Azad (youngest President) |
| 1924 | Belgaon | M.K.Gandhi |
| 1925 | Kanpur | Sarojini Naidu (first Indian woman President) |
| 1928 | Calcutta | Motilal Nehru (first All India Youth Congress Formed) |
| 1929 | Lahore | J.L.Nehru (Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed) |
| 1931 | Karachi | Vallabhbhai Patel (Here, resolution on Fundamental rightsand |
| the National Economic Program was passed) | ||
| 1932, 1933 | Delhi, Calcutta | (Session Banned) |
| 1934 | Bombay | Rajendra Prasad |
| 1936 | Lucknow | J.L.Nehru |
| 1937 | Faizpur | J.L.Nehru (first session in a village) |
| 1938 | Haripura | S.C.Bose (a National Planning Committed set-up underJ.L.Nehru). |
| 1939 | Tripuri | S.C.Bose was re-elected but had to resign due to protestby Gandhiji (as Gandhiji supported Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya). Rajendra Prasadwas appointed in his place. |
| 1940 | Ramgarh | Abdul Kalam Azad |
| 1946 | Meerut | Acharya J.B.Kriplani |
| 1948 | Jaipur | Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya. |
Venue, Year and Presidents of India National Congress (INC)
| Year | Venue | President |
| 1885, 1882 | Bombay, Allahabad | W.C.Bannerji |
| 1886 | Calcutta | Dadabhai Naoroji |
| 1893 | Lahore | " |
| 1906 | Calcutta | " |
| 1887 | Madras | Badruddin Tyyabji (fist Muslim President) |
| 1888 Allahabad George Yule (first English President) | ||
| 1889 | Bombay | Sir William Wedderburn |
| 1890 | Calcutta | Sir Feroze S.Mehta |
| 1895, 1902 | Poona, Ahmedabad | S.N.Banerjee |
| 1905 | Banaras | G.K.Gokhale |
| 1907, 1908 | Surat, Madras | Rasbehari Ghosh |
| 1909 | Lahore | M.M.Malviya |
| 1916 | Lucknow | A.C.Majumdar (Re-union of the Congress) |
| 1917 | Calcutta | Annie Besant (first woman President) |
| 1919 | Amritsar | Motilal Nehru |
| 1920 | Calcutta (sp.session) | Lala Lajpat Rai |
| Ahmedabad, 1921,1922 Gaya | C.R.Das | |
| 1923 | Delhi (sp.session) | Abdul Kalam Azad (youngest President) |
| 1924 | Belgaon | M.K.Gandhi |
| 1925 | Kanpur | Sarojini Naidu (first Indian woman President) |
| 1928 | Calcutta | Motilal Nehru (first All India Youth Congress Formed) |
| 1929 | Lahore | J.L.Nehru (Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed) |
| 1931 | Karachi | Vallabhbhai Patel (Here, resolution on Fundamental rightsand the National Economic Program was passed) |
| 1932, 1933 | Delhi, Calcutta | (Session Banned) |
| 1934 | Bombay | Rajendra Prasad |
| 1936 | Lucknow | J.L.Nehru |
| 1937 | Faizpur | J.L.Nehru (first session in a village) |
| 1938 | Haripura | S.C.Bose (a National Planning Committed set-up underJ.L.Nehru). |
| 1939 | Tripuri | S.C.Bose was re-elected but had to resign due to protestby Gandhiji (as Gandhiji supported Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya). Rajendra Prasadwas appointed in his place. |
| 1940 | Ramgarh | Abdul Kalam Azad |
| 1946 | Meerut | Acharya J.B.Kriplani |
| 1948 | Jaipur | Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya. |
5
INDIAN-SCI & TECH
Elements Symbols and Atomic Numbers
| Name | Symbol | Atomic Number |
| Hydrogen | H | 1 |
| Helium | He | 2 |
| Lithium | Li | 3 |
| Beryllium | Be | 4 |
| Boron | B | 5 |
| Carbon | C | 6 |
| Nitrogen | N | 7 |
| Oxygen | O | 8 |
| Flourine | F | 9 |
| Neon | Ne | 10 |
| Sodium (Natrium) | Na | 11 |
| Magnesium | Mg | 12 |
| Aluminium | Al | 13 |
| Silicon | Si | 14 |
| Phosphorous | P | 15 |
| Sulphur | S | 16 |
| Chlorine | Cl | 17 |
| Argon | Ar | 18 |
| Potassium (Kalium) | K | 19 |
| Calcium | Ca | 20 |
| Titanium | Ti | 22 |
| Vanadium | V | 23 |
| Chromium | Cr | 24 |
| Manganese | Mn | 25 |
| Iron (Ferum) | Fe | 26 |
| Cobalt | Co | 27 |
| Nickel | Ni | 28 |
| Copper (Cuprum) | Cu | 29 |
| Zinc | Zn | 30 |
| Germenium | Ge | 32 |
| Bromine | Br | 35 |
| Krypton | Kr | 36 |
| Zirconium | Zr | 40 |
| Silver | Ag | 47 |
| Tin (Stannum) | Sn | 50 |
| Antimony (Stabnium) | Sb | 51 |
| Iodine | I | 53 |
| Barium | Ba | 56 |
| Gold (Aurum) | Au | 79 |
| Mercury (Hydragerm) | Hg | 80 |
| Lead (Plumbum) | Pb | 82 |
| Bismuth | Bi | 83 |
| Radium | Ra | 88 |
| Thorium | U | 90 |
| Uranium | U | 92 |
| Plutonium | Pu | 94 |
| Curium | Cm | 96 |
National Surveys and Other Institutions in India
| Institution | Place |
| Atomic Energy Commission | Bombay |
| Bhabha Atomic Research Center | Trombay (Bombay) |
| Botanical Survey of India | Calcutta |
| Birbal Sahni Indtitute for Palaeobotanoy | Lucknow |
| Bose Research Institute | Calcutta |
| Indian Association for the Cultivation of science | Calcutta |
| Indian National Science Academy | New Delhi |
| Indian National Science Congress Association | Calcutta |
| National Atlas Organisation | Calcutta |
| Raman Research Institute | Bangalore |
| Survey of India | Dehra Dun |
| Wadia Institute of Himalayan Zoology | Delhi |
| Zoological Survey of India | Calcutta |
Noice Scale
Sounds are tiny vibrations that can travel through air and other materials. The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels (db). Typical sound levels in decibels:
Note: 130 db causes damage to hearing.
| 1 | Breathing | 10 db |
| 2 | Wind in the trees | 20 db |
| 3 | Whisper | 20-30 db |
| 4 | Ticking Clock | 30 db |
| 5 | House in a quiet street | 35 db |
| 6 | Radio Music | 50-60 db |
| 7 | Loud Conversation | 60 db |
| 8 | Office Noise | 60 db |
| 9 | Children Playing | 60-80 db |
| 10 | Lawn mower | 60-80 db |
| 11 | Vacuum cleaner | 80 db |
| 12 | Traffic Noise | 60-90 db |
| 13 | Sports Car | 80-95 db |
| 14 | Heavy truck traffic | 90-100 db |
| 15 | Loud Radio | 100 db |
| 16 | Motor Cycle | 105 db |
| 17 | Pneumatic drill | 110 db |
| 18 | Thunder storm | 110 db |
| 19 | Rock Music | 120 db |
| 20 | Aircraft Noise | 90-120 db |
| 21 | Jet takeoff(at 100 meter distance) | 120 db |
| 22 | Jet Engine(at 25 meter distance) | 140 db |
| 23 | Space Vehicle launch (from a short distance) | 140-170 db |
Indias Dream Launch PSLV C7
India’s Dream Launch of PSLV-C7
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) added yet another achievement to its list by the successful launch of the PSLV-C7 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota on January 10, 2007. The four-stage, 44 metre tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C7) which weighs 295 tonnes took off on the dot at 9.23 a.m. from its beachside launch pad and injected four satellites into precise orbit. This is the PSLV`s ninth consecutive successful launch. Of the four satellites two satellites belong to India and two are from abroad. The satellites from abroad are LAPAN-TUBSAT, a joint venture of Indonesia and the Technical University of Berlin and the PEHUENSAT-1 of Argentina. Dr. B.N.Suresh, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram, which built PSLV-C7, said, “Four satellites being injected into orbit with the same vehicle is a unique experience for us”.
This multi-mission launch is going to be a technological challenge for ISRO as it attempts to deorbit one of the satellites and bring it back to earth on January 22, 2007. The satellite called the Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE) will stay in orbit for 11 days and thereafter fall into the Bay of Bengal from where it will be recovered. This challenging job will be headed by Project Director, Mr. A.Subramoniam. “Right now, I feel that my job has just started. I am looking forward to January 22, 2007 morning when the SRE will be recovered”, Mr. Subramoniam said.
ISRO`s Cartosat-2 is for mapping purposes and its SRE will be a forerunner to the ISRO mastering the re-entry, recoverable and re-usable launch vehicle technologies. During its stay in orbit the two payloads on board the SRE will help conduct experiments in micro-gravity.
The 555 kilogram SRE is coated with thermal tiles to prevent it from burning up when it re-enters the earth’s atmosphere. After it re-enters the atmosphere, about 5 km above the Bay of Bengal, three parachutes in the SRE will open up one after another. First, the pilot chute will pull
out the drogue chute, which will deploy, and then the main chute will deploy. The main chute will slow down the descent of the SRE and it will ultimately splash down into the Bay of Bengal, about 140 km east of Sriharikota island. A floatation system will keep it afloat and dye markers will make it visible. The Coast Guard will recover it.
The entire process involves a lot of precision as the SRE should be de-orbited in the right direction and should be given the right incremental velocity. It should re-enter the atmosphere without burning up. According to the ISRO Chairman, Mr. G. Madhavan Nair, “There are a lot of technological challenges in bringing back an orbiting satellite because we are doing it for the first time”.
Besides the technology of bringing to the SRE back to earth in a sequential manner, the PSLV-C7 has also used Dual Launch Adopter (DLA), a device to launch four satellites for the first time. It also used for the first time a video-imaging system on board to take pictures of the separation of the first three satellites from the fourth stage of the rocket.
According to Mr. M. Krishnaswamy, Project Director, Cartosat-2, the satellite`s images could be used in town and rural planning as well as in road and drainage alignment. It could also be used in studying the passage of communication lines. The PSLV-C7 has been built at a cost of Rs.80 crore. The Cartosat-2 cost Rs.180 crore and the SRE Rs.30 crore.
After the setback in July 2006 when Geosynchronous Space Launch Vehicle (GSLV) failed, the success of PSLV is a great morale booster. However, it goes without saying that India has a long way to go before it finds itself a place in the world space launch market. The Missile Technology Control Regime embargo on India’s space and military rocket programmes debars an Indian rocket to launch any American satellite, or one with US components. According to an official dealing with the issue a joint working group would hold a meeting in Washington in February, 2007 to get this embargo lifted under the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership negotiations. Moreover, countries like Russia, the United States, the European Union or Japan are far more developed in space launch vehicle technology. We compare well with the Chinese Long March CZ4B series when it comes to hoisting satellites to a Low Earth Orbit to about 2,000 kms. But so
far as geosynchronous orbits of 36,000 kms used for communication satellites for beaming.
| PSLV Chronology | |
| Launch Vehicle | Date of Launch |
| PSLV-D1 | Sept. 20, 1993 |
| PSLV-D2 | Oct. 15, 1994 |
| PSLV-D3 | Mar. 21, 1996 |
| PSLV-C1 | Sept. 29, 1997 |
| PSLV-C2 | May 26, 1999 |
| PSLV-C3 | Oct. 22, 2001 |
| PSLV-C4 | Sept. 12, 2002 |
| PSLV-C5 | Oct. 17, 2003 |
| PSLV-C6 | May 5, 2005 |
| PSLV-C7 | Jan. 10, 2007 |
TV programmes or relaying telephone calls are concerned we are far behind. The success of PSLV cannot fill the void created by the failure of GSLV.
Some Important Facts of Human Body
| Length of alimentary canal | Approximately 8 meters |
| BMR (Basal metabolic rate) | 1600 K.cal/day |
| Number calls in body | 75 trillion |
| Longest bone | Femur (thigh bone) |
| Smallest bone | Ear ossicle, stapes |
| Weight of brain | 1400 gms |
| Blood volume | 6.8 litres (in 70 kg body) |
| Normal B.P | 120/80 mm Hg |
| Number of R.B.C | (a) In male: 4.5-5.0 million/cubic mm (b) In female: 4.0-4.5 million/cubic mm |
| Life span of R.B.C | 120 days |
| Normal W.B.C count | 5000-10000/cubic mm |
| Life span of W.B.C | 3-4 days |
| D.L.C (Differential leucocyte count) | (a) Basophils-0.5-1% (b) Eosinophils-1-3% (c) Monocytes-3-8% (d) Neutrophils-40-70% (e) Lymphocytes-2-25% |
| Blood platelets count | 2,00,000-4,00,000/cubic mm |
| Haemoglobin | (a) In male: 14-15.6 gm/100 c.c of blood (b) In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c of blood |
| Hb content in body | 500-700 gm |
| Universal blood donor | O Rh-ve |
| Universal blood recipient | AB |
| Blood clotting time | 2-5 minutes |
| Average body weight | 70 kg |
| Normal body temperature | 98.4.F or 37.C |
| Breathing rate | 16-20 minutes |
| Dental formula | adult:2123/2123=32 child: 2120/2120=22 milk teeth |
| Number of cranial nerves | 12 pairs |
| Number of spinal nerves | 31 pairs |
| Largest endocrine gland | Thyroid |
| Gestation period | 9 months (253-266 days) |
| Normal heart beat | 72-75/ minutes |
| Largest gland | Liver |
| Largest muscles in the body | Gluteus maximus (Buttock muscle) |
| Largest smooth muscle | Uterus of pregnant women |
| Smallest muscles in the body | Stapedius |
| Largest artery | Abdominal aorta |
| Largest vein | Inferior venacava |
| Largest W.B.C | Monocyte |
| Smallest W.B.C | Lymphocyte |
| Greatest regeneration power | In liver |
| Longest nerve | Sciatic |
| Longest cell | Neuron (nerve cell) |
| Menstrual cycle | 28 days |
| Menopause age | 45-50 years |
| Minimum regeneration power | In brain cell |
| Minimum distance for proper vision | 25 cm |
| Type of placenta | Haemochorial (Chorioallantoic) |
| Pulse rate | 72/minute |
| Volume of semen | 2-4 ml/ejaculation |
| Normal sperm count | 200-350 million/ejaculation |
| ESR (normal Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) | 4.10 min/hour |
| Thinnest skin | Conjunctiva |
| pH of gastric juice | 1.4 |
| pH of urine | 6.0 |
| pH of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
Milestones in Medicine
| SNo | Discovery / Invention | Year Discoverer / Inventor | Country |
| 1 | Adrenaline | 1894 | Schafer and Oliver | Britain |
| 2 | Anesthesia, Local | 1885 | Koller | Austria |
| 3 | Anesthesia, Spinal | 1898 | Bier | Germany |
| 4 | Anti-toxins (Science of Immunity) | 1890 | Behring and Kitasato | Germany, Japan |
| 5 | Aspirin | 1889 | Dreser | Germany |
| 6 | Ayurveda | 2000-1000 BC | India | |
| 7 | Bacteria | 1683 | Leeuwenhock | Netherlands |
| 8 | Bacteriology | 1872 | Ferdinand Cohn | Germany |
| 9 | Biochemistry | 1648 | Jan Baptista Van Helmont | Belgium |
| 10 | Blood Plasma storage (Blood bank) | 1940 | Drew | U.S.A |
| 11 | Blood Transfusion | 1625 | Jean-Baptiste Denys | France |
| 12 | Cardiac Pacemaker | 1932 | A.S Hyman | U.S.A |
| 13 | CAT Scanner | 1968 | Godfrey Hounsfield | Britain |
| 14 | Chemotherapy | 1493-1541 | Paracelsus | Switzerland |
| 15 | Chloroform as anaesthetic | 1847 | James Simpson | Britain |
| 16 | Chloromycetin | 1947 | Burkholder | U.S.A |
| 17 | Cholera T.B germs | 1877 | Robert Koch | Germany |
| 18 | Circulation of blood | 1628 | William Harvey | Britain |
| 19 | Cryo-Surgery | 1953 | Henry Swan | U.S.A |
| 20 | Diphtheria germs | 1883-84 | Klebs and Loffler | Germany |
| 21 | Electro-Cardiograph | 1903 | Willem Einthoven | Netherlands |
| 22 | Electro-encephalogram | 1929 | Hand Berger | Germany |
| 23 | Embryology | 1792-1896 | Kari Ernest Van Baer | Estonia |
| 24 | Endocrinology | 1902 | Bayliss and Starling | Britain |
| 25 | First Test Tube Baby | 1978 | Steptoe and Edwards | Britain |
| 26 | Gene Therapy on humans | 1980 | Martin Clive | U.S.A |
| 27 | Genes associated with cancer | 1982 | Robert Weinberg and others | U.S.A |
| 28 | Heart Transplant Surgery | 1967 | Christian Barnard | S. Africa |
| 29 | Histology | 1771-1802 | Marie Bichat | France |
| 30 | Hypodermic syringe | 1853 | Alexander wood | Britain |
| 31 | Kidney Machine | 1944 | Kolf | Netherlands |
| 32 | Leprosy Bacillus | 1873 | Hansen | Norway |
| 33 | LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) | 1943 | Hoffman | Switzerland |
| 34 | Malaria Germs | 1880 | Laveran | France |
| 35 | Morphine | 1805 | Friderich Sertumer | Germany |
| 36 | Neurology | 1758-1828 | Franz Joseph Gall | Germany |
| 37 | Nuclear magnetic resonance | 1971 | Raymond Damadian | U.S.A |
| imaging | ||||
| 38 | Open Heart Surgery | 1953 | Walton Lillehel | U.S.A |
| 39 | Oral Contraceptive Pills | 1955 | Gregory Pincus, Rock | U.S.A |
| 40 | Penicillin | 1928 | Alexander Fleming | Britain |
| 41 | Physiology | 1757-66 | Albrecht Von Haller | Switzerland |
| 42 | Positron emission Tomography | 1978 | Louis Sokoloff | U.S.A |
| 43 | Rabies Vaccine | 1860 | Louis Pasteur | France |
| 44 | Recombinant-DNA technology | 1972-73 | Paul Berg, H.W. Boyer,S Cohen | U.S.A |
| 45 | Reserpine | 1949 | Jal Vakil | India |
| 46 | Rh-factor | 1940 | Karl Landsteiner | U.S.A |
| 47 | Serology | 1884-1915 | Paul Ehrlich | Germany |
| 48 | Sex hormones | 1910 | Eugen Steinach | Australia |
| 49 | Small Pox eradicated | 1980 | W.H.O Declaration | UN |
| 50 | Stethoscope | 1819 | Rene Laennec | France |
| 51 | Streptomycin | 1944 | Selman Waksmann | U.S.A |
| 52 | Synthetic Antigens | 1917 | Landsteiner | U.S.A |
| 53 | Terramycin | 1950 | Finlay and Others | U.S.A |
| 54 | Thyroxin | 1919 | Edward Calvin-Kendall | U.S.A |
| 55 | Typhus Vaccine | 1909 | J. Nicolle | France |
| 56 | Vaccination | 1796 | Edward Jenner | Britain |
| 57 | Vaccine, Measles | 1963 | Enders | U.S.A |
| 58 | Vaccine, Meningitis | 1987 | Gardon, et al. Connaught Lab | U.S.A |
| 59 | Vaccine, Polio | 1954 | Jonas Salk | U.S.A |
| 60 | Vaccine, Polio-orai | 1960 | Albert Sabin | U.S.A |
| 61 | Vaccine, Rabies | 1885 | Louis Pasteur | France |
| 62 | Vaccine, Smallpox | 1776 | Jenner | Britain |
| 63 | Virology | 1892 | Ivanovski and Bajernick | USSR, Netherlands |
| 64 | Vitamin A | 1913 | Mc Collum and M. Davis | U.S.A |
| 65 | Vitamin B1 | 1936 | Minot and Murphy | U.S.A |
| 66 | Vitamin C | 1919 | Froelich Holst | Norway |
| 67 | Vitamin D | 1925 | Mc Collum | U.S.A |
| 68 | Vitamin K | 1938 | Doisy Dam | U.S.A |
| 69 | Western Scientific Therapy | 460-370 BC Hippocrates | Greece | |
| 70 | Yoga | 200-100 BC Patanjali | India |
SCIENCE TERMINOLOGY
Science is knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief, etc. It is, in fact, systematized
knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation carried on in order to determine
the nature or principles of what is being studied. There are many sciences, each concerned with a
particular field of study. In each science measurement plays an important part. In each science,
too, a study is made of the laws according to which objects react. Here are some sciences.
ACOUSTICSThe study of sound (or the science of sound). ACROBATICS:The art of performing acrobatic feats (gymnastics).
AERODYNAMICS:
(i) The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases. (ii) The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles, etc., in air
AERONAUTICS: The Science or art of flight.
AEROSTATICS:The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in
them.
AESTHETICS:The philosophy of fine arts.
AETIOLOGY:The science of causation.
AGROBIOLOGY:The science of plant life and plant nutrition.
AGRONOMICS:The science of managing land or crops.
AGRONOMY:The science of soil management and the production of field crops.
AGROSTOLOGY:The study of grasses.
ALCHEMY:Chemistry in ancient times.
ANATOMY:The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.
ANTHROPOLOGY:The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development of mankind.
ARBORICULTURE:Cultivation of trees and vegetables.
ARCHAEOLOGY:The study of antiquities.
ASTROLOGY:The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of indications deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies.
ASTRONAUTICS:The science of space travel.
ASTRONOMY: - The study of the heavenly bodies.
ASTROPHYSICS:The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly bodies.
BACTERIOLOGY: The study of bacteria.
BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of chemical processes of living things.
BIOLOGY: The study of living things.
BIOMETRY:The application of mathematics to the study of living things.
BIONICS:The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world and the application of this knowledge to the world of machines.
BIONOMICS:The study of the relation of an organism to its environments.
BIONOMY:The science of the laws of life.
BIOPHYSICS:The physics of vital processes (living things).
BOTANY:The study of plants.
CALISTHENICS:The systematic exercises for attaining strength and gracefulness.
CARTOGRAPHY:Science of Map Making.
CERAMICS:The art and technology of making objects from clay, etc. (Pottery).
CHEMISTRY:The study of elementary and their laws of combination and behaviour.
CHEMOTHERAPY:The treatment of disease by using chemical substances.
CHRONOBIOLOGY:The study of the duration of life.
CHRONOLOGY:The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and historical order
of past events.
CONCHOLOGY:The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks.
COSMOGONY:The science of the nature of heavenly bodies.
COSMOGRAPHY: The science that describes and maps the main feature of the universe.
COSMOLOGY:The science of the nature, origin and history of the universe.
CRIMINOLOGY:The study of crime and criminals.
CRYTOGRAPHY:The study of ciphers (secret writings).
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals.
CRYGENICS:The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low temperatures.
CYTOCHEMISTRY:The branch of cytology dealing with the chemistry of cells.
CYTOGENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of view of
cytology and genetics.
CYTOLOGY:The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions.
DACTYLOGRAPHY:The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.
DACTYLIOLOGY:The technique of communication by signs made with the fingers. It is generally used by
the deaf.
ECOLOGY:The study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings, animate and inanimate.
ECONOMETRICS: The application of mathematics in testing economic theories.
ECONOMICS:The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and
services.
EMBRYOLOGY:The study of development of embryos.
ENTOMOLOGY:The study of insects.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases.
EPIGRAPHY:The study of inscriptions.
ETHICS:Psychological study of moral principles.
ETHNOGRAPHY:A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures.
ETHNOLOGY:A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and distinguishing
characteristics of the races of mankind.
ETHOLOGY:The study of animal behaviour.
ETYMOLOGY:The study of origin and history of words.
EUGENICS:The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of parents.
GENEALOGY:The study of family ancestries and histories.
GENECOLOGY:The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their habitats.
GENESIOLOGY:The science of generation.
GENETICS:The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws governing it.
GEOBIOLOGY:The biology of terrestrial life.
GEOBOTANY:The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and the earth's
surface.
GEOCHEMISTRY:The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes which take
place within it.
GEOGRAPHY:The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate, population,
etc.
GEOLOGY:The science that deals with the physical history of the earth.
GEOMEDICINE:The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and environmental
conditions on health.
GEOMORPHOLOGY:The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms.
GEOPHYSICS:The physics of the earth.
GERONTOLOGY:The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc.
HELIOTHEARPY: The sun cure.
HISTOLOGY:The study of tissues.
HORTICULTURE:The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.
HYDRODYNAMICS:The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in motion.
HYDROGRAPHY:The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference of their use for
navigation.
HYDROLOGY:The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the hydrosphere and
atmosphere.
HYDROMETALLURGY:The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching ore with
liquids.
HYDROPATHY:The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water.
HYDROPONICS:The cultivation of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions rather than in
soil.
HYDROSTATICS: The mathematical study of forces and pressure in liquids.
HYGIENE:The science of health and its preservation.
LCONOGRAPHY:Teaching with the aid of pictures and models.
LCONOLOGY:The study of symbolic representations.
JURISPRUDENCE:The science of law.
LEXICOGRAPHY:The writing or compiling of dictionaries.
MAMMOGRAPHY:Radiography of the mammary glands.
METALLOGRAPHY:The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys.
METALLURGY:The process of extracting metals from their ores.
METEOROLOGY:The science of the atmosphere and its phenomena.
METROLOGY:The scientific study of weights and measures.
MICROBIOLOGY:The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and pathogenic
protozoa.
MOLECCULAR BIOLOGY:The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance in biology.
MORPHOLOGY:The science of organic forms and structures.
MYCOLOGY:The study of fungi and fungus diseases.
NEUROLOGY:The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders.
NEUROPATHOLOGY:The study of diseases of the nervous system.
NUMEROLOGY:The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to determine
the influence on one's future life.
NUMISMATICS:The study of coins and medals.
ODONTOGRAPHY:A description of the teeth.
ODONTOLOGY:The scientific study of the teeth.
OPTICS:The study of nature and properties of light.
ORNITHOLOGY:The study of birds.
ORTHOEPY:The study of correct pronunciation.
ORTHOPEDICS:The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of
musculoskeletal systems.
OSTEOLOGY:The study of the bones.
OSTEOPATHOLOGY:Any disease of bones.
OSTEOPATHY:A therapeutic system based upon detecting and correcting faulty structure.
PALEOBOTANY:The study of fossil plants.
PALEONTOLOGY:The study of fossils.
PALYNOLOGY:The pollen analysis.
PATHOLOGY:The study of diseases.
PEDAGOGY:The art or method of teaching.
PHARYNGOLOGY:The science of the pharynx and its diseases.
PHENOLOGY:The study of periodicity phenomena of plants.
PHILATELY:The collection and study of postage stamps, revenue stamps, etc.
PHILOLOGY:The study of written records, their authenticity, etc.
PHONETICS:The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc.
PHOTOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.
PHENOLOGY:The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull.
PHTHISIOLOGY:The scientific study of tuberculosis.
PHYCOLOGY:The study of algae.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE:The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to living matters,
as in physics, chemistry and astronomy.
PHYSICS:The study of the properties of matter.
PHYSIOGRAPHY:The science of physical geography.
PHYSIOLOGY:The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings.
PHYTOGENY:Origin and growth of plants.
POMOLOGY:The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing.
PSYCHOLOGY:The study of human and animal behaviour.
RADIO ASTRONOMY:The study of heavenly bodies by the reception and analysis of the radio frequency electromagnetic radiations which they emit or reflect.
RADIOBIOLOGY:The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on living organisms.
RADIOLOGY:The study of X-rays and radioactivity.
RHEOLOGY:The study of the deformation and flow of matter.
SEISMOLOGY:The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it.
SELENOLOGY:The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movements, etc.
SERICULTURE:The raising of silk worms for the production of raw silk.
SOCIOLOGY:The study of human society.
SPECTROSCOPE:The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope.
TELEOLOGY:These study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature.
TELEPATHY:Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception.
THERAPEUTICS:The science and art of healing.
TOPOGRAPHY:A special description of a part or region
TAXICOLOGY:The study of poisons.
VIROLOGY:The study of viruses.
ZOOLOGY:The study of animal life.
6 SPORTS
Sports
| Field | Person |
| The first Indian woman to swim across the English Channel | Miss. Arati Shah |
| The first Indian to win world Billiards Trophy | Wilson Jones |
| The first to cross the Damelles by swimming | Mihir Sen |
| The first to conquer Everest | Sherpa Tenzing (1953) |
| The first to sail round the world | Megellan |
| The first person to win Wimbledon title five times | Bjorn Borg |
| The first woman who conquered Everest | Jungo Table (Japan) |
| The first person to reach North Pole | Robert Peary |
| First woman Olympic Medallist (Weight Lifting) | Karnam Malleswari (2000) |
| The first person to reach South Pole | Amundsen |
| The first Indian to win All England Badminton Championship | Prakash Padukone |
| The first Indian woman to conquer Everest | Bichendri Pal |
| The first an to climb Everest twice | Nawang Gombu |
| The first person to complete solo walk to magnetic North pole | David Hempleman Adam (UK) |
| The first woman to reach North pole | Ann Bancroft |
| The first woman to sail non stop around the world alone | Kaycottee |
| The first deaf & dumb to cross the strait of Gibraltar | Taranath Shenoy (India) |
The first woman to climb Mt. Everest twice
Santosh Yadav (India)
The first black player to win the Wimbledon men's singles title Arthur Ashe (US)
The first person to win the Palk Strait ocean swimming contest Baidyanath
7 WORLD
FAMOUS TOWNS in WORLD
| Name | Famous For |
| No 10, Downing Street | Official residence of the British Prime Minister. |
| Abadan(Iran) | Famous for oil refinery |
| Alaska (U.S.A.) | In 1958 it was declared as 49th State of U.S.A. It is near Canada |
| Alexandria | City and sea-port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. Handles about 80% of the country's exports. |
| Angkor Wat | Ruined temple in Cambodia. Signposts of ancient oriental civilisation. |
| Aswam Dam | A dam in Egypt across the River Nile. |
| Baku | Oilfields of Azerbaijan. |
| Bastille | It was a Jail in Paris. Destroyed during the French Revolution. |
| Beding (Australia) | Famous for gold mines. |
| Bethlehem | A town Palestine, the birth place of Christ. |
| Bikini Atoll | In Pacific Ocean, where first hydrogen bomb was tested by U.S.A. |
| Bikini | An atoll of the Marshall Islands. Atomb Bomb was dropped here experimentally in 1948. |
| Bratislava | A town in Czechoslovakia on Czech-Russian border. |
| Buckingham Palace | London residence of the British monarch. |
| Chushul | In Ladakh, highest airfield in the world. Chinese troops attacked it in 1962. |
| Corsica | An island where Napoleon was born. |
| Detroit (U.S.A) | The biggest car manufacturing town in the world. |
| Elephanta Caves (India) | Situated in an island 15 miles from Bombay. Famous for the statues of Siva and Parvati. |
| Fleet Street | Press Center in London. |
| Gaza Strip | In Egypt near Israeli border, was seat of United nations Emergency Force till 1957. Now under Israeli occupation. |
| Gibraltar | Key to Mediterranean, fortress and novel base situated on rock in the extreme South of Spain. |
| Golden Temple (India) | Famous temple of the Sikhs at Amritsar, constructed by Guru Ram Dass. |
| Hiroshima | An industrial center of Japan which was destroyed by atom bomb in 1945. |
| Hollywood (California. U.S.A.) | Famous for film industry |
| Hyde Park | A huge park in London. |
| Jerusalem | City in Israel. Jesus Christ was crucified here (now capital of Israel) |
| Khajuraho | It is the State of chattarpur, Bundelkhand in Madhya Pradesh. It is famous for Mahadev Temple. |
| Khorkov | Important town of Ukraine, manufactures motor cars, tractors and agricultural machinery. |
| Lop Nor | Palace in Sinkiang (Red China), site for atomic tests. |
| Los Angeles A part of California (U.S.A.) | The famous film industry of Hollywood is established here. It is famous as Cinima City of the world. |
| Lusaka | Venue of non-aligned nations summit in September 1970. Capital of Zambia. |
| Manchester (U.K.) | Cotton manufacturing city. It is one of the world's biggest cloth manufacturing center. |
| Marseilles | City and Seaport of Southern France. Famous for silk, wine, olive soap, margarine and candles. |
| Mecca (Saudi Arabia) | Sacred place of the Muslims because Prophet Mohammed was born here. |
| Montreal | Longest city of Canada. Famous for iron and steel works and motor car factories. |
| Nagasaki (Japan) | It is noted for its iron and steel industries. Atom was dropped here during World War II. |
| New Castle | An important port on the Tyne in England, famous for coal industry. |
| New Orleans (U.S.A.) | It is the greatest cotton and wheat exporting center in the world. |
| Osaka (Japan) | Known as the Manchester of Japan. It is sometimes called the Venice of Japan. |
| Pisa | In Italy, famous for Leaning Tower, one of the seven wonders of the world. |
| Pentagon | Headquarters of American Defence Forces. |
| Phnom-Penh | Capital of Cambodia. |
| Plais Des Nations | Venue in Geneva for holding international conferences. |
| Potala | Dalai Lama's palace at Lhasa (Tibet). |
| Sinai | Peninsula of Egypt between the Gulfs of Suez and Aquba, at the head of Red Sea. |
| Seychelles | Island in Indian Ocean, got freedom on June 28, 1976. |
| Sodom | In Israel, the lowest point on earth. |
| Vatican | Official residence of the Pope of Rome. |
| Versaillers (France) | Famous for the treaty of Versailles which ended World War I in 1918. |
| Vienna | Capital of Austria. The venue of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between Russia and U.S.A. |
| Walling Wall | Part of the Western Wall of the Temple Court in Jerusalem. Part of the wall, probably dates from the time of Solomon, is regarded by both Jews and Moslems as one of special sanctity. |
| Wall Street | In Manhattan, New York, famous for American's stock exchange market. |
| White House | The official residence of the President of U.S.A. in Washington D.C. |
| Zurich (Switzerland) | Famous for the manufacture of cotton and silk and for its lenses. |
FAMOUS PLACES IN WORLD
| Place | Famous For |
| AUROVILLE | UNESCO sponsored world's first international town near Pondichery in Tamil Nadu named after Aurobindo Ghose. The town with an area of 15sq. miles and a population of 50,000 will be a self-supporting township having gour zones, viz., cultural, industrial, residential and international. It was inaugurated on February 28,1963. |
| ABU SIMBAL (U.S.A.) | A monument executed by UNSCO in Egypt, the famous temple at Nybia (Egypt) was facing submergence as result of the construction of Aswan Dam. UNSCO has reconstructed it at a cost of 36 million dollars and was inaugurated on 12th Sept. 1968. |
| ADAM'S BRIDGE | Sand and rock bridge between Sri Lanka and India. Legent has is that was constructed by Lord Rama when he was in invade Lanka of Ravana. |
| ALICE SPRINGS | Spring with medicinal properties. |
| (Australia) | |
| BIG BEN | Name given to the big clock of the British Parliament building. |
| BILLING'S GATE | London fish market. As a term, it means foul language. |
| DODOMA | This is going to be the new capital of Tanzania in place of Dar-es-Salam. |
| EIFFEL TOWER | 985 feet high tower in Paris build by Gustav Effel in 1887-89 at a cost of 2,00,000 |
| ELBA | An isolated island in the Meduterranean Sea, where Napoleon was exiled in 1841. |
| ELLORA | Famous for rock-pruned Kailash Temple (Aurangabad) in Maharashtra. An exquisite piece of Dravidian art. Ellora cave temples, 34 in number, present a blend of caves representing Buddhism and Jainism constructed in 8th century A.D. |
| ELYSEE PALACE | Official residence of the President of France. It was the venue of Paris Peace parleys on Vietnam. |
| EMPIRE STATE BUILDING (U.S.A) | World's one of the loftiest structures. It has 103 storeys and a height of 1200 feet. |
| ESCURIAL | One of the longest palaces in Spain. |
MOUNTAINS,PEAKS OF THE WORLD
| MOUNTAIN | HEIGHT IN METERS | RANGE | CONQUERED ON |
| Mount Everest | 8,848 | Himalayas | May 29, 1953 |
| K-2 (Godwin Austin) | 8,611 | Karakoram | July 31, 1954 |
| Kanchenjunga | 8,597 | Himalayas | May 25, 1955 |
| Lhotse | 8,511 | Himalayas | May 18, 1956 |
| Makalu I | 8,481 | Himalayas | May 15, 1955 |
| Dhaulagiri I | 8,167 | Himalayas | May 13, 1960 |
| Manaslu | 8,156 | Himalayas | May 9, 1956 |
| Cho Uyo | 8,153 | Himalayas | Oct 19, 1954 |
| Nanga Parbat | 8,124 | Himalayas | July 3, 1953 |
| Annapurna I | 8,078 | Himalayas | June 3, 1950 |
| Gasherbrum I | 8,068 | Karakoram | July 5, 1958 |
| Broad Peak I | 8,047 | Karakoram | June 9, 1957 |
| Gasherbrum II | 8,034 | Karakoram | July 7, 1956 |
| Shisha Pangma (Gasainthan) | 8,013 | Himalayas | May 2, 1964 |
| Gasherbrum III | 7,952 | Karakoram | Aug 11, 1975 |
| Annapurna II | 7,937 | Himalayas | May 17, 1960 |
| Gasherbrum IV | 7,923 | Karakoram | Aug 6, 1958 |
| Cyachug Kang | 7,921 | Himalayas | Apr 10, 1964 |
| Kangbachen | 7,902 | Himalayas | May 26, 1974 |
| Disteghil Sar I | 7,884 | Karakoram | June 9, 1960 |
| Himal Chuli | 7,864 | Himalayas | May 24, 1960 |
| Khinyang Chchish | 7,852 | Karakoram | Aug 26, 1971 |
| Nuptse | 7,841 | Himalayas | Oct 1970 |
| Gasherbrum East | 7,821 | Karakoram | July 5, 1960 |
| Nanda Devi | 7,816 | Himalayas | Aug 29, 1936 |
| Chomo Lonzo | 7,815 | Himalayas | Oct 30, 1954 |
| Ngojumba Ri I | 7,805 | Himalayas | May 5, 1965 |
| Rakaposhi | 7,788 | Karakoram June 25, 1988 | |
| Batura Muztagh I | 7,785 | Karakoram July 30, 1976 | |
| Zemu Gap Peak | 7,780 | Himalayas | Unclimbed |
| Kanjut Sar | 7,760 | Karakoram | July 19, 1939 |
| Kamet | 7,756 | Himalayas | June 21, 1931 |
SOME HIGHEST WATERFALLS
| Name | Location | Height in Metres |
| Angel | Venezuela | 807 |
| Tugela | Natal, South Africa | 410 |
| Kukenaam | Venezuela | 610 |
| Sutnerland | South Island, N.Z | 589 |
| Takkakaw | British Columbia | 503 |
| Ribbon (Yoesmite) | California | 491 |
| Upper Yosemite | California | 436 |
| Gavarnie | South-West France | 421 |
| Vettifoss | Norway | 366 |
| Widows' Tears (Yosemite) | California | 357 |
| Stubbach | Switzerland | 300 |
| Middle Cascade (Yosemite) | California | 227 |
| King Edward VIII | Guyana | 259 |
| Gersoppa | India | 253 |
| Kaieteur | Guyana | 251 |
| Skykje | Norway | 250 |
| Kalambo | Trnzania-Zambia | 426 |
| Fairy (Mt.Rainier Park) | Washington | 213 |
| Trummelbach | Switzerland | 213 |
| Aniene (Teverpne) | Italy | 207 |
| Cascata delle Marmore | Italy | 198 |
| Maradalsfos | Norway | 196 |
| Feather | California | 195 |
| Maletsunyane | Lesotho | 192 |
| Bridalveli (Yosemite) | California | 189 |
| Multnomah | Oregon | 189 |
| Voringsfos | Norway | 182 |
| Nevada (Yosemite) | California | 181 |
| Skjeggedal | Norway | 160 |
| Marina | Guyana | 152 |
LARGEST LAKES OF THE WORLD
| Name and Location | Area in Sq.Km. |
| Caspian Sea, Russia | 393,898 |
| Superior, U.S.A. Canada | 82,814 |
| Nyanza, Tansania-Uganda, Kenya | 69,485 |
| Aral Russia | 66,457 |
| Huron, U.S.A. Canada | 59,596 |
| Michigan, U.S.A. | 58,016 |
| Tanzania-Zaire, Zambia 4 | 38,893 |
| Baikal, Russia | 31,500 |
| Great Bear, Canada | 31,080 |
| Nyasa, Malawi-Mozambique-Tanzania | 30,044 |
| Great Salve, Canada | 28,930 |
| Chad, Chad-Niger-Nigeria, Cameroon | 25,760 |
| Erie, U.S.A.-Canada | 25,719 |
| Winnipeg, Canada | 23,533 |
| Ontario, U.S.A.-Canada | 19,477 |
| Balkash, Russia | 18,428 |
| Ladoga, Russia | 18,130 |
| Onega | 9,891 |
| Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru | 8,135 |
| Nicaragua, Nicaragua | 8,001 |
| Athabaska, Canada | 7,920 |
| Rudolf, Kenya, Ethiopia | 6,405 |
| Reindeer, Canada | 6,330 |
| Eyre, SouthAustralia | 6,216 |
| Issyk-Kul, Russia | 6,200 |
| Urmia, Iran | 6,001 |
| Torrens, South Australia | 5,698 |
| Vanern, Sweden | 5,545 |
| Winnipegosis, Canada | 5,403 |
| Mobutu Sese Seko, Uganda | 5,299 |
| Nettilling, Baffin Island, Canada | 5,051 |
| Nipigon, Canada | 4,843 |
| Manitoba, Canada | 4,706 |
| Great Salt, U.S.A. | 4,662 |
| Kiogo, Uganda | 4,403 |
| Koko-Nor, China | 4,222 |
SOLAR SYSTEM
| Pluto | Diameter | 3,040 Kilometer |
| Moons | 1 | |
| Avg.Distance to Sun | 5,865.5 million KM | |
| Time to Orbit the Sun | 248 Years | |
| Facts | o This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, the coldest and arguably the strangest. o It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solar system. o Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a bi-planet. o NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that Pluto is shrouded in frozen nitrogen- not methane as once thought. Nitrogen makes 78% of the air. | |
| Neptune | Diameter | 49,000 Kilometer |
| Moons | 8 | |
| Avg.Distance to Sun | 4,497 million KM | |
| Time to Orbit the Sun | 165 Years | |
| Facts | o It is denser & little smaller than Uranus. |
| o Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing white clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface. o Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. o It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the sun and the Aurora phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II. | |||
| Uranus | Diameter | 52,096 Kilometer | |
| Moons | 17 | ||
| Avg.Distance to Sun | 2,852.8 million KM | ||
| Time to Orbit the Sun | 84 Years | ||
| Facts | o Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side. o One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits. o Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the planet and a corkscrew-shaped magnetic field that stretches millions of kilometers. | ||
| Mars | Diameter | 6,755.2 Kilometer | |
| Moons | 2 | ||
| Avg.Distance to Sun | 225.6 million KM | ||
| Time to Orbit the 687 Days Sun | |||
| Facts | o The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere. o Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders. o Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with dormant volcanoes and deep chasms where water once freely flowed. | ||
Venus
Diameter 12,032 Kilometer
| Moons | None | |
| Avg.Distance to Sun | 107.52 million KM | |
| Time to Orbit the Sun | 225 Days | |
| Facts | o Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus is perpetually veiled behind reflective sulfuric-acid clouds. o Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and carbon-dioxide environment to reveal flat, rocky plains & signs of volcanic activity. | |
| Mercury | Diameter | 4,849.6 Kilometer |
| Moons | None | |
| Avg.Distance to Sun | 57.6 million KM | |
| Time to Orbit the Sun | 88 Days | |
| Facts | 1. Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon. 2. Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per hour. 3. A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's gravity field. 4. The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching hot and nights, frigid. | |
| Earth | Diameter | 12,732.2 Kilometer |
| Moons | 1 | |
| Avg.Distance to 148.8 million KM Sun | ||
| Time to Orbit the Sun | 365 Days | |
| Facts | 1. Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of oxygen and copious water maker Earth the only planet in the solar system to support life. |
| Jupiter | Diameter | 1,41,968 Kilometer |
| Moons | 16 | |
| Avg.Distance to Sun | 772.8 million KM | |
| Time to Orbit the Sun | 11.9 Years | |
| Facts | 1. Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red Spot on the Solar system's largest planet. 2. Voyagers I and II later showed it is an enormous eddy in the turbulent cloud cover. Earth the only planet in the solar system to support life. 3. They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and volcanoes on the Moon. | |
| Saturn | Diameter | 1,19,296 Kilometer |
| Moons | 20 or more | |
| Avg.Distance to Sun | 1,417.6 million KM | |
| Time to Orbit the Sun | 29.5 Years | |
| Facts | 1. Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden giant Saturn are composed of thousands of rippling, spiraling bands just 100 feets thick. 2. The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbons. | |
| Sun | Diameter | 13,84,000 Kilometer |
| Statellites | 9 Planets | |
| Age | 4.5 billion years | |
| Facts | 1. A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may reach a temperature of 27-millon degrees Celsius at its core. 2. Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum, a period marked by frequent sunspots and flares. 3. On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the |
| amazing sky streamers called Northern Lights will appear. |
Cities Situated on River Sides
| CITY | RIVER | COUNTRY | |||
| Alexandria | Nile | Egypt | |||
| Amsterdam | Amsel | Netherlands | |||
| Antwerp | Scheidt | Belgium | |||
| Baghded | Tigris | Iraq | |||
| Bangkok | Menam | Thailand | |||
| Belgrade | Danube | Yugoslavia | |||
| Berlin | Spree | Germany | |||
| Bonn | Rhine | Germany | |||
| Budapest | Danube | Hungary | |||
| Cairo | Nile | Egypt | |||
| Canton | Canton | China | |||
| Glasgow | Clyde | Scotland | |||
| Hamburg | Elbe | Germany | |||
| Karachi | Indus | Pakistan | |||
| Lahore | Ravi | Pakistan | |||
| London | Thames | England | |||
| Montreal | Ottawa | Canada | |||
| Moscow | Moskow | Russia | |||
| New York | Hudson | U.S.A. | |||
| Paris | Seine | France | |||
| Quebec | St.Lawrence | Canada | |||
| Rangoon | Irrawadi | Mayanmar | |||
| Rome | Tiber | Italy | |||
| Tokyo | Sumida | Japan | |||
| Vienna | Danube | Austria | |||
| Warswa | Vistula | Poland | |||
| Delhi | Yamuna | India | |||
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